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| 622 |
| | | The year of the Hegira (Muhammad's move from Mecca to Medina) becomes Anno Hegirae or AH1, the first year in Muslim chronology | |
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| c. 625 |
| | | The treasure of an Anglo-Saxon king (possibly Raedwald, who dies at this time) is buried in a 90-foot-long ship at Sutton Hoo | |
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| 627 |
| | | The Byzantine emperor Heraclius recovers the True Cross from Ctesiphon | |
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| 630 |
| | | Mecca becomes the holy city of Islam and soon all Arabia accepts the new religion | |
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| 632 |
| | | The death of Muhammad at Medina is followed by the election of the first caliph, Abu Bakr, a father-in-law of the prophet | |
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| 634 |
| | | Omar, another father-in-law of Muhammad, is elected as the second Muslim caliph (the word means 'sucessor to the Messenger of God') | |
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| 634 |
| | | Within two years of the death of Muhammad, the Arabs surge north into the Syrian desert | |
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| 637 |
| | | The Arabs defeat a Persian army at Kadisiya and then sack the city of Ctesiphon, effectively bringing to an end the Sassanian dynasty | |
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| 638 |
| | | The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control | |
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| 642 |
| | | The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt | |
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